Last year, Wal-Mart dramatically reduced the number of products (SKUs) offered at all their stores.  This SKU rationalization plan was based upon the premise that consumers wanted clean-looking stores with just the major brands.  Known as brand fatigue, the logic was that consumers grew tired of looking at too many brands on the shelf.

Inherent in the rationalization premise was the notion that consumers could be directed to change their brand loyalties to the choices Wal-Mart put in front of them.  Effectively, Wal-Mart figured that they controlled the customer’s brand loyalty, not the consumer product company.  Wal-Mart figured that once the customer entered the store, the customer had no choice but to buy the items offered.

The plan backfired.  Consumers wanted their trusted brands enough to move their entire shopping list to competitors like Target and Dollar General.    Wal-Mart then reversed direction and brought back 8500 SKUs per store.  This represented an 11% increase in SKUs.

Walmart SKU rationalization

One has to wonder what the logic was for the SKU reduction?  Was it:

  • Purely economic- trying to squeeze more inventory turns out by reducing the dollar value of goods per store?
  • Trend following- did Wal-Mart fall victim to the latest trend of SKU rationalization and overdo it?
  • Arrogance- did Wal-Mart feel like consumers would buy whatever brands they put in front of them?
  • Trying to be too much like Target- Wal-Mart takes constant heat for ugly stores vs. Target.  Was the SKU reduction an attempt to upscale the stores?  Who wants a gorgeous store that does not carry the items you want?
  • Losing their way- has Wal-Mart forgotten the business model that created the retail powerhouse?

What are the business model lessons for the rest of us?

1) Business model innovations may look great on paper, especially those which reduce costs.  However, when business model innovation jeopardizes sales or customer retention, costs savings do not outweigh the negative effects.

2) Don’t underestimate your customer.  It has to be difficult not to become arrogant when you are the world’s largest retailer.  However, the customer still controls the spend and must constantly be wooed, even if you are Wal-Mart.

3) Know your place in the value chair.  Wal-Mart may control the customer once they enter the store, but powerful brands owned by Proctor & Gamble may have greater sway with the customer.  If one of your partners can exert significant influence on your customer, either wrestle control back or know your place.

4) Realize that everyone eventually forgets how to think like a customer. This clearly happened to Wal-Mart.  Why didn’t someone pipe up and say, “It’s going to tick me off if I go to my local Wal-Mart and cannot find brands I used to find there?”  Clearly no one at Wal-Mart was able to correctly think like a customer and avoid this fiasco.

Let’s give Wal-Mart credit for eating a bit of crow and reversing this decision.  These big boxes are called Superstores for a reason.  Customers expect to find 100% of what they want, not 95%.

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You have probably seen H&R Block commercials on television advertising free tax preparation. At the same time, you have probably seen TurboTax commercials advertising free live assistance with their software. There seems to be a perfect storm brewing in the world of tax preparation. As simple tax preparation gets more manageable for the average taxpayer, the competition for fees and revenue amongst these taxpayers gets more intense.

This year, H&R Block lost its teaser item, tax anticipation loans. The federal government clamped down on these loans, and H&R Block's lender HSBC refused to back loans. This forced H&R Block to stop offering the product. The free preparation of 1040 EZ filings is in response to this.

 

Things are not rosy in the tax preparation world. Unemployment has caused a 1.7% decrease in overall filings, the largest drop since 1971. H&R Block saw a reduction of 6.1% in total returns last year. Combine these factors with more tech-savvy consumers and the general propensity for do-it-yourself in a tough economy, and you see the need for free tax preparation.

H&R Block business model

This free preparation I H&R Block may be a bitter pill to swallow, but at least it offers the upside of state tax preparation, more complex tax preparation, and addition of younger tax paying customers.   This free taxes move has several potential pitfalls:

  • Will free customers buy additional services?
  • Will free customers come back next year and pay, or are they only customers if it is free?
  • Only 10%-15% of customers are expected to qualify for free preparation, does this leave a bad taste in the mouths of customers that do not qualify?
  • For the customers that do not qualify, does the “for you it’s not free” create more bad will than the good will created in the free customers?
  • Does doing taxes for free lower the perceived value of all tax preparation?

What does all this mean for the business model of H&R Block and other tax preparation services like Jackson Hewitt and Liberty? At first glance it appears to be the beginning of the bloodbath. This fast and serious race to lower prices and giveaway services does not seem to have any revenue upside only costs, decreased revenue, and lower perceived value for paid services.

The real issue is what will these companies do to innovate their business model and recover from this mature market issue? Let's explore some options:

  1. Fight the trend as long as possible preserving as much revenue as possible.
  2. Attempt to add premium services to upsell customers and get average customer spend back on track
  3. Find an alternative to profitable tax anticipation loans. It appears the government views these loans as predatory and will end them all together. They carry an average interest rate of 55+%.  By the same token a percentage of H&R Block's customers are the un-banked. H&R Block had found a profitable method to fill a need of these customers. H&R Block may be able to find a palatable alternative to tax anticipation loans. For instance, a preloaded credit card or similar instrument in which some of the money was delayed might be profitable and meet government requirements.
  4. Find a way to capitalize on the millions of customers currently served with other services. Examples might include: payday loans, retail banking, life basic legal assistance like LegalZoom, or other services that capitalize on H&R Block's strengths.

Do you agree with H&R Block's free tax preparation strategy? Is this the beginning of a slippery slope of ever decreasing tax-preparation revenues? What does this mean for H&R Block's business model?

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As we review 2011 we can’t help but look at Congress’ performance (or lack thereof) this last year. And while this is not a “political” blog I thought it would be interesting to assess Congress’ “business model” and ask the question, “Is Congress’ business model broken?”

But before we do that we need to answer a couple questions. First, what is the definition of a business model?

is the U.S. business model broken?

Business Model Defined

 

Business model: the proprietary methodology used to acquire, service, and retain customers.

And remember, there are eight essential areas to every business model:

  • Must have excellent margins
  • Must be easy to sell
  • Must have The Four Capitals©: Intellectual Capital, Financial Capital, Human Capital and Brand Capital
  • Must be able to maintain ongoing competitive advantage
  • Must have quality customers
  • Must have longevity of the industry
  • Must provide for the owner’s graceful exit
  • Must avoid pitfalls

 

Is Congress a Business?

 

Second, is Congress a business? Well…no. It’s a branch of the U.S. government. But it still has “customers” aka citizens and a primary purpose. According to Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution the primary function of Congress is:

…to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States… To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

So if you’ll allow me some leeway here I’d like to submit a working definition of Congress’ business model. Then I want to look at four areas where I believe Congress’ business model is broken.

 

Congress’ “Business” Model

 

I would define Congress’ business model as:

The proprietary methodology used to carry out the primary Constitutional functions (as defined in Article 1, Section 8 of the US Constitution) and to service and retain the majority of support from voters.

So in light of the above definition, we discovered four areas where Congress has been failing, especially in 2011.

 

1. Must Have Excellent Margins

 

This is one of the most important parts of any successful business model. Since part of Congress’ primary duties is to collect taxes, pay debts and create a sustainable budget, it is only right that the blame be placed on them if they fail in this area.

One of the biggest Congressional debates of 2011 was the US Debt-Ceiling Crisis. Congress had difficulty reaching an agreement to raise the debt-ceiling which resulted in a deal finally being reached on July 31. Four days later, on August 5, the credit-rating agency Standard & Poor's downgraded the credit rating of US government bond for the first time in the country's history.

Now, we’re not going to get into a political debate here but the fact of the matter is the US government does not have excellent profit margins (yes, no profit margin would be considered “not excellent”). No entity can continue to spend more than they make and expect to experience success.

 

2. Must Have Quality Customer

 

Customer service is another important piece of any successful business model. As we said earlier, Congress’ customers are the voters and tax payers they serve. Since Congress ended the year with a record-low 11% approval rating I think it’s safe to say they are failing here as well.

Our government is a representative democracy which means we are a self-governed people. If the elected officials are making decisions that upset and anger the people then something is wrong. Either the ones elected are not keeping their word or the people chose the wrong leaders to represent them.

 

 

3. Must Provide the Owners Graceful Exit

 

Since there are no “owners” in Congress we’ll modify this to say, “Must provide the elected officials’ graceful exit.” This would mean Congress could function properly even after key leaders died, lost re-election or decided to move on. If Congress only works when established life-long politicians are in office then we must also conclude that this essential business model rule is also being broken.

Why is it that new people who come into office are not able to get the results that the established politicians are? When politicians are rewarded more for “longevity” than “performance” then a culture is created that kills innovation. This can also be seen in many corporations when people who have been there longer receive more pay than the younger workers who actually produce more profit for the company.

 

4. Must Avoid Pitfalls

 

Has Congress avoided pitfalls? I don’t know anyone, no matter which side you’re on, that would honestly answer yes to that question.

Falling into pits seemed to be par for the course for the 2011 Congress. The gridlock in Congress resulted in potential government shutdowns, a credit downgrade, and record low approval ratings by the people. If there was a rock in the road it seemed as though Congress was bent on hitting it.

Congress, just like businesses must find a way to avoid pitfalls in the future. While politicians may never agree on anything they must find a way to run this country successfully or they need to be replaced. If a CEO continued to lead his company into pitfall after pitfall he would be fired. Why should it be any different with our elected officials?

Business owners can learn a lot from the blunders Congress made in 2011. We can learn it’s important to have: excellent profit margins, quality customer service, a system that can operate after you leave, and a plan that avoids pitfalls.

 

 

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The NBA’s New Business Model: Air Ball

After allegedly losing money for the last 11 seasons the NBA decided to alter its business model. This led to a 149-day lockout that claimed the first 7 weeks of the regular season and cost the NBA an estimated $480 million. As with most labor disputes the issue at hand was money. The players wanted [...]

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Blockbuster Misses a Golden Opportunity…Again

This summer, Blockbuster was full of glee. Titled “Blockbuster Rescues Furious Netflix Customers,” a press release in July promised to give Netflix customers an oasis after their upstart competitor blundered with its failed Qwikster service. The company launched a promotion to lure customers aware from Netflix and back to the once ubiquitous national movie rental [...]

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After Crushing the Movie Rental Business Model, Netflix Crushes Itself

Netflix saw a meteoric rise in its stock price in 2010 after successfully weathering the devastating financial crisis that stifled wages, depressed consumer demand, and threatened just about every other retailer in existence. This was largely thanks to its relentless investment in video streaming and rising broadband access throughout the country after inventing a new [...]

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Bank of America Nearly Destroys Their Business Model

Bank of America may have committed the #1 business model blunder of 2011for their $5 debit card fee. First, let’s get some background. Spoiled U.S. banks have become so addicted to high-profit fees that they seem to have forgotten the customer. The average bank earns over forty percent of its profit from fees. These include, [...]

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The Free Bar Isn’t Just for the Web

In the world of the web, it is widely understood that you must ethically bribe your visitors with electronic goodies in order to get and hold their interest.  In the good old days of the internet, these free items may have been as simple as a quick quiz, a newsletter, or a short eBook.  As [...]

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LegalZoom Toys with their Business Model

Since bridging the gap between full-service and self-service legal in 2001, LegalZoom has grown to the nation’s best-know legal services organization.  Now LegalZoom is toying with their business model by moving from form filling to prepaid legal plans.  LegalZoom is offering individuals and small businesses a basic legal plan for as low as $15/month. These [...]

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Southwest Airlines’ Business Model Gamble

Southwest Airlines recently reported their first net loss since Q3 2009. Southwest claimed the losses were primarily due to fuel hedge issues. However, I believe there may be a larger issue at play. While most other airlines have increased net revenue by nickel and diming their customers, Southwest has done the opposite. Last year, US [...]

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